Non Destructive Testing Techniques By Ravi Prakash Pdf Download ((FULL))
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Conventionally, the NDTs are classified into two different types: the first one consists of the non-destructive or destructive methods, including the infrared thermography, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, vibration testing, and acoustic emission [9]. NDTs are used to ensure the integrity and safety of buildings and to determine the right moment for corrective actions [10]. However, when applying NDTs, the problem arises from the fact that their detection capabilities, and thus their penetration depth, are limited. For instance, ultrasonic testing is based on the application of an ultrasonic wave with a frequency in the range of 1 MHz to 120 MHz, and has the capability to detect imperfections up to 20 cm depth in the concrete [11]. Ultrasonic testing is the most common non-destructive technique used for in-service inspection of concrete structures. In practice, the calculation of the ultrasonic penetration depth is not a straightforward process due to the multiple attenuation effects that occur when the ultrasonic wave travels through concrete. These attenuation effects include the absorption of ultrasonic energy in the steel reinforcement, the concrete cover, the cement matrix, the air inclusions, and the concrete surface. The ultrasonic waves are reflected at the surface of the structure, and the reflected wave travels back to the source through the concrete and is detected. The point at which the reflected wave is received is the point at which the ultrasonic waves are attenuated. This technique provides information on the reinforcement and the slab thickness, which makes it suitable for slab and beam depth determination purposes [12]. The ultrasonic technique is often combined with another technique such as an optical camera (thermo-camera) to improve the spatial resolution of the non-destructive test, and to speed up the inspection [13]. Ultrasonic testing has the limitation of not being able to detect non-concrete anomalies such as steel reinforcing bars that are located deep inside the wall. This is because the ultrasonic waves are able to detect only the surface defects of the concrete [14].
The second type of NDTs is the non-destructive inspection techniques (NDITs), which evaluate the non-penetration damage using various methods such as eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, thermography, X-ray testing, and radiography [15]. NDITs are based on the investigation of the thermal anomalies, which are associated with stress concentrations or cracks in the structure [16].
, the SAC code is a very useful tool for earthquake analyses. It has been widely used and written about by seismologists and non-seismologists alike. In fact, there are several books and articles on SAC, and a lot of software packages have been developed based on SAC. The most widely used SAC version is SAC2014. The user simply needs to read the manual and download and run the program. Of course, the SAC2014 requires that the user be familiar with Fortran programming and have a Fortran compiler (such as Fortran 95). Installation of the code is straightforward and requires only a Fortran compiler and the following libraries: 827ec27edc